Subject: Loka Alert 2-5, Part 2 (Bibliography) Loka Alert 2-5 (March 31, 1995), Part 2 Please Post Where Appropriate--but only as an accompaniment to Loka Alert 2-5, Part 1. RESEARCH FOR COMMUNITIES Let's Do It! (Part 2) Copyright 1995 by Richard E. Sclove This is a companion piece to Loka Alert 2-5, Part 1. This supplement provides supporting documentation and notes. Bibliographic Sources Advisory Warning: Owing partly to the healthily uncoordinated, bottom-up fashion in which the Dutch science shops evolved, it is not evident that anyone (i.e., not even in the Netherlands) has a complete understanding of the entire system. Hence almost every generalization I've heard or read (such as, "science shops don't conduct original research in-house") seems to have exceptions (e.g., the University of Amsterdam's "Chemistry Shop" currently has professional staffing and funding sufficient to allow it to conduct almost all of its research in-house). English-language publications about science shops include: Bammer, Gabriele, Merrelyn Emery, Linda Gowing, and Jenifer Rainforth. 1992. "Right Idea, Wrong Time: The Wisenet Science Shop, 1988-1990." _Prometheus_, 10, no. 2 (Dec.): 300-10. [About an attempt to start a science shop in Australia.] Hollander, Rachelle. 1984. "Institutionalizing Public Service Science: Its Perils and Promise." In _Citizen Participation in Science Policy_. Ed. James C. Petersen. Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press. Pp. 75-95. [Reviews an abortive U.S. government initiative during the 1970's.] Leydesdorff, Loet, and Peter Van den Besselaar. 1987. "What We Have Learned From the Amsterdam Science Shop." In _The Social Direction of the Public Sciences: Causes and Consequences of Co-operation Between Scientists and Non-Scientific Groups_. (_Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook, vol. XI.) Eds. S. Blume, J. Bunders, L. Leydesdorff, and R. Whitley. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. Pp. 135-60. Nelkin, Dorothy, and Arie Rip. 1979. "Distributing Expertise: A Dutch Experiment in Public Interest Science." _Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists_, 35 (May): 20-23, 54. Shulman, Seth. 1988. "Mr. Wizard's Wetenschapswinkel." _Technology Review_, 91, no. 5 (July): 8-9. Stewart, John. 1988. "Science Shops in France: A Personal View." _Science as Culture_, no. 2, pp. 52-74. Zaal, Rolf, and Loet Leydesdorff. 1987. "Amsterdam Science Shop and Its Influence on University Research: The Effects of Ten Years of Dealing with Non-Academic Questions." _Science and Public Policy_, 14, no. 6 (Dec.): 310-16. Some of the most informative written documents about the Dutch science shops have not, unfortunately, been published. Thus I've omitted them from the list above, because they are not generally available. If you would be interested in purchasing a reader about science shops--including some of these unpublished materials as well as other information based on recent interviews conducted by Dick Sclove with staff members at several Dutch shops--please tell Patrick Hamlett (phamlett@ncsu.edu). If demand seems sufficient, we will produce such a reader. Note: Stewart (1988) and Bammer et al. (1992), above, describe the not-fully-successful attempt to adopt the science shop model in France and Australia. One apparent problem in these attempts was that--unlike in the Netherlands--research queries were accepted from solitary individuals, which seems to have resulted in a good bit of wasted effort. Cross-national learning from the Dutch shops has been hindered by the fact that relatively little has been published about them, and what has been published often omits important operational details. Published sources on participatory research-and-development (that is, research both for, but also _by_, communities, citizens and workers) include: Brown, Phil, and Edwin J. Mikkelsen. 1990. _No Safe Place: Toxic Waste, Leukemia, and Community Action_. Berkeley: U. of California Press. Fals-Borda, Orlando, and Muhammad Anisur Rahman. 1991. _Action and Knowledge: Breaking the Monopoly with Participatory Action-Research_. New York: Apex Press. Gerber, John M. 1992. "Farmer Participation in Research: A Model for Adaptive Research and Education." _American Journal of Alternative Agriculture_, 7, no. 3: 21-24. Heiman, Michael K. 1994. "From Science for the People to Science By the People: Citizen Environmental Monitoring and the Debate Over Scientific Expertise." Prepared for the 36th Annual Conference of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, Phoenix, AZ, November 3-6, 1994. Draft Oct. 1994, 9 pages. Available from Prof. Heiman, Environmental Studies, James Center, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013; tel. (717) 245-1338; e-mail: Heiman@Dickinson.edu. Heiman, Michael K. 1994. "Summary of Presentation on Building Bridges Between the Campus and the Community: TRI Training Sessions for Local Residents in Impacted Neighborhoods Using the CD-ROM Format." Prepared for the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Data Conference, Dec. 5, 1994, Boston, MA. 4 pages. Available from Prof. Heiman (see preceding entry). Muller, Michael J., Sarah Kuhn, and Judith A. Meskill, eds. 1992. _PDC '92: Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., 6-7 Nov. 1992. Palo Alto, CA: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility. Park, Peter, Mary Brydon-Miller, Budd Hall, and Ted Jackson, eds. 1993. _Voices of Change: Participatory Research in the United States and Canada_. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey. Sandberg, Ake, Gunnar Broms, Arne Grip, Lars Sundstrom, Jesper Stren, and Peter Ullmark. 1992. _Technological Change and Co-Determination in Sweden_. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press. Schuler, Douglas, and Aki Namioka, eds. 1993. _Participatory Design: Principles and Practices_. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Sclove, Richard E. 1993. "Technological Politics as if Democracy Really Mattered: Choices Confronting Progressives." In _Technology for the Common Good_. Eds. Michael Shuman and Julia Sweig. Wasington, DC: Institute for Policy Studies. Pp. 54-79. Sclove, Richard E. 1995. "`Everyone Contributes': Participation in Research, Development, and Design." In _Democracy and Technology_. New York: Guilford Press, forthcoming Summer 1995. Chap. 11. Thrupp, Lori Ann, guest editor. 1994. "Participation and Empowerment in Sustainable Rural Development." _Agriculture and Human Values_, 11, no.s 2-3 (Spring-Summer): 1-182. Trigg, Randall, Susan Irwin Anderson, and Elizabeth Dykstra- Erickson, eds. 1994. _PDC '94: Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference_. Palo Alto: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility. Whyte, William Foote, ed. 1991. _Participatory Action Research_. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. On citizen participation in regional defense conversion planning see, for example: Cassidy, Kevin J. 1992. "Defense Conversion: Economic Planning and Democratic Participation." _Science, Technology, and Human Values_, 17, no. 3 (Summer): 334-48. A few additional examples of U.S. institutions that already do community-oriented research include: (1) The Center for Neighborhood Technology, 2125 W. North Ave., Chicago, IL 60647; tel. (312) 278-4800. See their bi-monthly magazine, _The Neighboorhood Works_, or, for example, Valjean McLenighan, _Sustainable Manufacturing: Saving Jobs, Saving the Environment_ (Chicago: Center for Neighborhood Technology, 1990). (2) Worcester Polytechnic Institute requires every student, as a condition of graduating, to conduct a practical project that brings his or her technical training to bear in constructively addressing a social or environmental problem. For information on WPI's Interactive Qualifying Projects, contact The Project Center, WPI, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, U.S.A.; tel. (508) 831-5514; fax (508) 831-5485. (3) The Center for Environmental Health Studies of the nonprofit John Snow, Inc. helps communities conduct their own epidemiological and environmental health assessments. For more information, contact Dr. Richard Clapp, JSI Inc., 210 Lincoln St., Boston, MA 02111; tel. (617) 482-9485 or (800) 521-0132; fax (617) 482-0617; e-mail: rclapp@acs.bu.edu. (4) The Environmental Studies Program at Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania trains undergraduate students (75 new students each spring via an introductory environmental science course) and community volunteers in environmental hazard monitoring. See the papers by Michael Heiman, listed above in the bibliography. The specific federal funding programs that I allude to in my _Chronicle_ article include: (1) Within the U.S. National Science Foundation's Division of Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences: the Policy Sciences Initiative of the Human Dimensions of Global Change Program and also the new Center for Environmental Decisionmaking initiative. (2) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation is currently funding environmental justice research projects through its state and local outreach program. My _Chronicle of Higher Education_ essay is based partly on interviews that I conducted in the Netherlands during Oct. 1994 with Bas L. de Boer, Bernie Hermes, Selma Hinderdael, and Andre van Raalte of the University of Amsterdam and with Barend van der Meulen and Jan van Diepen of the University of Twente. It is also informed by personal correspondence with Barend van der Meulen (Sept. and Nov. 1993), Bas L. de Boer (Dec. 1993, Dec. 1994, and Feb. 1995), Michiel Oele of the University of Amsterdam (Nov. 1993), and Wim Hegeman of Utrecht University (Nov. and Dec. 1993). Irene van Eerd, secretary of LOW (roughly the Dutch "national assembly of science shops," located within the University of Amsterdam's general science shop) kindly supplied me with a number of unpublished papers about the Dutch shops. I am deeply indebted to all of these people for their outstanding generosity. --Dick Sclove